By:
(Marwa & Erlik Widiyani Styati)
Rating
scale is one of the enquiry form. Form is a term applied to expression or
judgment regarding some situation, object or character. Opinions are usually
expressed on a scale of values. Rating techniques are devices by which such
judgments may be quantified. Rating scale is a very useful device in assessing
quality, especially when quality is difficult to measure objectively. For Example,
“How good was the performance?” is a question which can hardly be answered
objectively. Rating scales record judgment or opinions and indicates the degree
or amount of different degrees of quality which are arranged along a
line is the scale. For example: How good was the performance?
Excellent Very good Good Average
Below average Poor Very poor
___|________|_______|_____|_________|_________|_____|____
This is the most commonly used
instrument for making appraisals. It has a large variety of forms and uses.
Typically, they direct attention to a number of aspects or traits of the thing
to be rated and provide a scale for assigning values to each of the aspects selected.
They try to measure the nature or degree of certain aspects or characteristics
of a person or phenomenon through the use of a series of numbers, qualitative
terms or verbal descriptions.
A questionnaire is a form prepared
and distributed to secure responses to certain questions. It is a device for
securing answers to questions by using a form which the respondent fills by
himself. It is a systematic compilation of questions that are submitted to a sampling
of population from which information is desired. Questionnaire relies on
written information supplied directly by people in response to questions. The
information from questionnaires tends to fall into two broad categories –
‘facts’ and ‘opinions’. It is worth stressing that, in practice, questionnaires
are very likely to include questions about both facts and opinions.
The purpose of the questionnaire is
to gather information from widely scattered sources. It is mostly used in uses
in cases where one can not readily see personally all of the people from whom
he desires responses. It is also used where there is no particular reason to
see them personality.
A checklist, is a type of
informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential
limits of human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consisting and
completeness in carrying out a task. A basic example is ‘to do list’. A more
advanced checklist which lays out tasks to be done according to time of a day or
other factors. The checklist consists of a list of items with a place to check,
or to mark yes or no.
The main purpose of checklist is to
call attention to various aspects of an object or situation, to see that
nothing of importance is overlooked. For Example, if you have to go for outing
for a week, you have to list what things you have to take with you. Before leaving
home, if you will check your baggage with the least there will be less chance
of forgetting to take any important things, like toothbrush etc. it ensures the
completeness of details of the data.
Responses
to the checklist items are largely a matter of fact, not of judgment. It is an
important tool in gathering facts for educational surveys.
Semantic differential is a type of a
rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events and
concepts. The connotations are used to drive the attitude towards the given object,
event of concept. The semantic differential is today one of the most widely used
scales used in the measurement of attitudes. One of the reasons is the
versatility of the items. The bipolar adjective pairs can be used for a wide
variety of subjects, and as such the scale is nicknamed “the ever ready
battery” of the attitude researcher.
Semantic
Differential Scale : This is a seven point scale and the end points of the
scale are associated with bipolar labels.
Unpleasant Submissive
1
2 3 4
5 6 7 Pleasant Dominant
Suppose we want to know personality
of a particular person.
When Semantic Differential Scale is
used to develop an image profile, it provides a good basis for comparing images
of two or more items. The big advantage of this scale is its simplicity, while
producing results compared with those of the more complex scaling methods. The
method is easy and fast to administer, but it is also sensitive to small
differences in attitude, highly versatile, reliable and generally valid.
REFERENCES
Denscombe, M
(1999). The Good Research Guide. New Delhi: Viva Books Private Limited.
Siddhu , K.S
(1992). Methodology of Research in
Education. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher
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