Selasa, 27 Januari 2015

Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based

MARWA & ERLIK WIDIYANI STYATI
Assessment Instrument Development
Summary of Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based
The History of Language Testing
Clearly the history of language testing can be seen in the investigating of different movements in the realm of language teaching and testing from the onset of its appearance. Spolsky (1978) and Hinofotis (1981) both have pointed out that language testing can be broken into periods, or trends, of development. Hinofotis (1981) for instance, has labeled the testing trend into the pre-scientific period, the psychometric/structuralist period, and the integrative sociolinguistic period.

Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based

Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based
Resumed by Rojab Siti R. & Muhammad Yunus


Testing as a kind of assessments plays a pivotal role in the implementation of language teaching. Testing is used to measure test takers in certain purposes to be further evaluated by a test administer. The implementation of what is going to be tested is solely based on the teaching methodology.

Senin, 26 Januari 2015

A Summary on Test Forms Based on the Approaches and their Applications in Standardized Tests (By Agus Eko Cahyono and Jumariati)



A Summary on Test Forms Based on the Approaches and their Applications in Standardized Tests
(By Agus Eko Cahyono and Jumariati)

Tests are developed under certain approaches considering the purpose and the test-takers’ needs. Once the test purpose is clearly defined, the next type to do by teachers and test-designers is to decide on the most appropriate test type or form. Heaton (1990), Hughes (2003) and Brown and Abeywickrama (2010) mention several forms of tests and describe each features together with the implementation. First, proficiency test which is based on the integrative approach, aimed to measure a test-taker’s language ability apart from any course or training of that language he has taken. Therefore, the test content is about the specification of language ability constructs and the language proficiency that the test-taker should perform. This means that in a proficiency test, a test taker should perform sufficient command of the language for general or academic and vocational purposes. The examples of proficiency test are IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC, BULATS, and TOEP.

Minggu, 25 Januari 2015

TEST FORMS BASED ON APPROACHES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN STANDARDIZED TEST By: I.G.A. Lokita Purnamika Utami dan Rina Sari



TEST FORMS BASED ON APPROACHES AND
THEIR APPLICATION IN STANDARDIZED TEST
By:
I.G.A. Lokita Purnamika Utami dan Rina Sari
This paper is intended to provide summary of some test forms based approaches and their application in standardized test. These test forms are derived from several approaches. The following are the description of each approach and the test form which derives from it and their application in the standardized test

A Summary of Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based by: I.G.A Lokita Purnamika Utami & Rina Sari





A Summary of
Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based
by:
I.G.A Lokita Purnamika Utami & Rina Sari




Historically, language-testing trends and practices have followed the shifting sands of teaching methodology. For example, in the 1950s, an era of behaviorism and special attention to contrastive analysis, testing focused on specific language elements such as the phonological, grammatical, and lexical contrasts between two languages. In the 1970s and 1980s, communicative theories of language brought with them a more integrative view of testing in whlch specialists claimed that ~ the whole of the communicative event was considerably greater than the sum of its linguistic elements (Clark, 1983, p. 432). Today, test designers are still challenged in their quest for more authentic, valid instruments that simulate real world interaction.

Selasa, 20 Januari 2015

Agus Eko Cahyono and Jumariati Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based



Summary#2
Agus Eko Cahyono and Jumariati

Approaches to Language Testing: From Classical to Performance-Based

Assessment practices in the context of teaching and learning are affected by some approaches. Heaton (1990) explains four approaches to language testing. First, the Essay translation approach provides teacher’s subjectivity on judging the test-takers’ answers which can make the assessment highly subjective and unreliable. As a consequence, some practitioners believe that this approach is lack of reliability and validity. The test types in this approach include essay writing, translation, and grammatical analysis in forms of descriptive comments. Second, the Structuralist approach views that language elements like phonology, vocabulary and grammar and are tested separately to measure the test-taker’s ability in each language element. The language skills are also measured separately because this approach emphasizes the importance of testing each skill at a time. This approach is still valid today under certain circumstances as for instance the need to examine one’s ability in writing composition separately from reading ability. Third, the Integrative approach is applied in testing the test-taker’s ability in using the language based on the context. At least, two language skills are assessed simultaneously. The common test types used are the cloze test and dictation. Cloze test (completing every deleted nth word) requires students’ general abilities in linguistic based on the context. It measures the students’ linguistic knowledge, textual knowledge, and knowledge of the world. Meanwhile, the dictation type measures students’ listening skill, short-term memory span, and the grammatical and lexical familiarity. In the dictation, it is advisable that teachers read the whole passage in normal speed before then repeating each line once or twice using a slightly slower speed to scaffold them in listening, comprehending and writing. Finally, the Communicative approach focuses primarily on testing students to perform language to communicate in real context. Thus, the main focus is on the language effectiveness rather than language accuracy.

Selasa, 13 Januari 2015

Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development



Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development
By
Yahya Alaidrus
Hendrik M
        It is essential to have a clear definition of  what assessment is before we come to discussing standard stages in assessment instrument development. Assessment refers to information gathering process about learners (through various sources), concerning what they know and what they can perform (Fulcher & Davidson, 2007). The information might be used as a basis for decision-making (Gronlund, 1982, Fulcher & Davidson, 2007, Brown, 2003 ). Assessment should at least measure competence and have positive backwash toward teaching or learning.

STAGES OF TEST DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY OF TOPIC 1: STAGES OF TEST DEVELOPMENT
By: Muhammad Yunus & Rojab Siti Rodliyah

1.      Stating the problem
Make it clear what one wants to know and for what purpose. Answer these questions:
(i)     What kind of test is it tobe? (achievement, proficiency, diagnostic, or placement?)
(ii)   What is its precise purpose?
(iii) What abilities are to be tested?
(iv) How detailed must the result be?
(v)   How accurate must the results be?
(vi) How important is backwash?

Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development

Summary #1
Agus Eko Cahyono
Jumariati
================================================================
Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development

Developing a good assessment instrument is ideally done through several stages that can guarantee its quality. There are several stages in developing assessment instrument proposed by some experts. Hughes (2003) state that the stages in developing assessment instrument include:
1.      Stating the problem that means specifying what to test and how to test. During this stage, the instrument developer (teacher) needs to be clear with what type of test is going to be developed whether it is an achievement test, a proficiency test, or placement and diagnostic test. Then, he needs to decide the specific goals of the test by deciding the specific areas of knowledge and/or specific skills to measure.

Stages of Test Development by I.G.A Lokita Purnamika Utami and Rina Sari






Stages of Test Development
by:
I.G.A Lokita Purnamika Utami
Rina Sari





Test development is best carried out by a team. It is difficult to develop a test by individual, especially in the stage of item writing. When fault in item writing is obvious for others it could be invisible for the writer. There are some qualities necessary possessed by an item writer, one of them is the willingness to accept justified criticism. Other qualities for item writer or test developer are native or near native command of the language, intelligence and imagination (to create context for an item and foresee possible misinterpretation).
The following are stages of test construction:

Senin, 12 Januari 2015

Summary of Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development by Marwa & Erlik, W. S.

1.      MARWA
2.      ERLIK WIDIYANI STYATI

Assessment Instrument Development

Summary of Standard Stages in Assessment Instrument Development
There are several standard stages of test development. The first essential stage is stating the problem that is to make oneself perfectly clear about what it is one wants to know and for what purpose, for examples, what kind of test is it to be?, what is its precise purpose?, what abilities are to be tested? Etc. if the problem is clear, steps can be taken to solve it.

Minggu, 11 Januari 2015

English Language Development Assessment

https://ed.sc.gov/agency/programs-services/42/

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CDQQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificmetrics.com%2Fwhite-papers%2FThe_English_Language_Development_Assessment_ELDA.pdf&ei=UVqzVODJDoWxuAS9vIEw&usg=AFQjCNE764GecK3nw-LyV3SARFsABBmnjg&sig2=bdsevjJ-g67arcKsLWah3A&bvm=bv.83339334,d.c2E

Australian Professional Standards for Teachers

http://www.aitsl.edu.au/australian-professional-standards-for-teachers

Four steps to quality assessment tools

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fvetinfonet.dtwd.wa.gov.au%2FResourcesandlinks%2FDocuments%2FPublications2013%2F4%2520Designing%2520assessment%2520tools%25204th%2520Ed%2520%25282013%2529.pdf&ei=r1ezVOC1NtCguQSG_YI4&usg=AFQjCNFa0j_MrQwgXZ7jQ7f1_jJOjM-HVQ&bvm=bv.83339334,d.c2E

COURSE OUTLINE: Assessment Instrument Development



COURSE OUTLINE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH EDUCATION

Course
Assessment Instrument Development

Code
PIGK908

Status
Compulsory

Pre req.
-

Credit
2 (two)

Hours
: 2 (two)

Schedule
:Wed.,4- 5
  Wed.,7-8

Room
: H3.102
  H2.103
Instructor
: Gunadi H. Sulistyo

Code
: 862210
Office Hours
: By appointment (0817532747; 082230685757)

Room
: International Relations Office (Gdg G-1 Lantai 2)

A. Course Objective

The course is provides students with advanced knowledge about the principles of assessment and skills to develop educational assessment instruments in English language teaching. It focusses on the advanced developments of assessment instruments to collect data in conducting their research studies for their dissertations, and/or to measure English skills for educational purposes.
More specifically the course is designed to provide the students with the opportunity (1) to make a general review of LT materials on educational tests and evaluation, on language testing in particular with its related aspects, which have presumably been discussed in LT textbooks and studied in S-1 and S-2; (2) to make more thorough and more elaborate studies of LT issues of importance or interest by critical review on concepts, theories and journal articles relevant to the issues for academic paper making on language assessment, and (3) to develop students’ own language tests, applying the basic principles and following the essential development steps down to administration of tryout tests and analysis of their results.

B. Content
The course content includes links between assessment and instruction (and research inquiries), approaches to language testing, principles of good assessment tools, LT current issues, including item response theory and data mining for language learning knowledge base, critical analyses on journal articles, stages of assessment tools (tests and non tests), and development of the assessment tools and the tryout.

C. Activities
Activities throughout the course include brief lectures, presentation, and discussion of assigned topics, assignment/project, and practice.

Classroom presentation and discussion: Prior to classroom presentation, individuals must prepare a brief summary based on the topic under discussion (max. 2 pages). Each has its turn of about a 20-minute power point presentation of the summary and discussions.

Project: Each student is assigned to construct a set of assessment devices as their final project.The test should be developed based on the test development principles followed with a tryout. The report of the final project is submitted no later than 3 (three) days after the last meeting.

D. Evaluation
The students` final grade will be determined on the basis of the following components:
            a.completion of weekly assignment/presentation       25%
            b. final project                                                             45%
            c  midterm                                                                   15%
            d  final examination                                                    15%
           
Regular attendance and presence will be considered as a criterion for admission to the final exams. Intelligent and active participation in class, if satisfactorily met, will be to round up the final grade.

E. References

1. Brown, H.D. 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices.White Plains: Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Baker, F.B. 1985. The Basics of Item Response Theory. Portsmouth, New Hamshire: Heinemann.

3. DeMars, C. 2010. Item Response Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4. Heaton, J.B. 1988. Writing English Language Tests. New York: Longman Inc.

5. Hughes, A. 2003. Testing for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

6. Oller, J.D. 1979. Language Tests at School. New York: Longman Inc.

7. O’Malley, J.M. and Pierce, L.V. 1996: Authentic Assessment for English Language Teachers: Practical Approaches for Teachers. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

8. Weir, Cyril J. 1990. Communicative Language Testing. New York: Prentice Hall.












F. Schedule (Tentative)

Session
Topic/Materials
1
Orientation to the course, class grouping, topic/project assignment
2
Standard stages in assessment instrument development
3
Approaches to language testing: From Classical to Performance-Based
4
Test Forms based on Approaches and Their Applications in Standardized Tests
5
Quality assurance on internal attributes of a good assessment language devices: Reliability, Validity, and Classical Item Analysis
6
Test Wiseness: Definition, Types, and Implications, as well as Studies related with Testwiseness
7
Parallel Tests & Equating: Theory, Principles, and Practice
8
Mid Term
9-10
Issues in the Development of Standardized Proficiency Tests (Language Skills and Components): Academic: IELTS @ TOEFL and Vocational: BULATS @ TOEIC, TOEP
11
Issues in the Development of Non-Test Instruments (Rating scales, semantic differential scales, checklists, questionnaires and others)
12
Issues in the Development of Authentic Assessment: Portfolio, Project, Extended Response, etc.
13
Introduction to Item Response Theory (Comparison between CTT and IRT)
14
Requirements, Assumptions, @ Estimation of Parameters as well as Instrument Development based on IRT
15
Introduction to data mining (what, how, why) and its applications (for the purpose of students’ language learning knowledge base): theory, practice, and studies in ESL and EFL data mining
16
Final Examination
17
Final Project Due